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"Everything is simpler mod \(p\)."
That is is the philosophy of the Mod People; and of all \(p\), the simplest is 2. Washed in a bath of mod 2, that exotic object, the \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice, dissolves into a modest orthogonal space, its Weyl group into an orthogonal group, its "large" \(\mathrm{E}_8\) sublattices into some particularly nice subspaces, and the very Leech lattice itself shrinks into a few arrangements of points and lines that would not disgrace the pages of Euclid's Elements. And when we have sufficiently examined these few bones that have fallen out of their matrix, we can lift them back up to Euclidean space in the most naive manner imaginable, and the full Leech springs out in all its glory like instant mashed potato.
What is this about? In earlier posts in this series, John Baez and Greg Egan have been calculating and exploring a lot of beautiful Euclidean geometry involving \(\mathrm{E}_8\) and the Leech lattice. Latterly, a lot of Fano planes have been popping up in the constructions. Examining these, I thought I caught some glimpses of a more extensive \(\mathbb{F}_2\) geometry; I made a little progress in the comments, but then got completely lost. But there is indeed an extensive \(\mathbb{F}_2\) world in here, parallel to the Euclidean one. I have finally found the key to it in the following fact:
Large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices mod \(2\) are just maximal flats in a \(7\)-dimensional quadric over \(\mathbb{F}_2\).
I'll spend the first half of the post explaining what that means, and the second half showing how everything else flows from it. We unfortunately bypass (or simply assume in passing) most of the pretty Euclidean geometry; but in exchange we get a smaller, simpler picture which makes a lot of calculations easier, and the \(\mathbb{F}_2\) world seems to lift very cleanly to the Euclidean world, though I haven't actually proved this or explained why — maybe I shall leave that as an exercise for you, dear readers.
Nota Bene. Just a quick note on scaling conventions before we start. There are two scaling conventions we could use. In one, a 'shrunken' \(\mathrm{E}_8\) made of integral octonions, with shortest vectors of length \(1\), contains 'standard' sized \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices with vectors of minimal length \(\sqrt{2}\), and Wilson's Leech lattice construction comes out the right size. The other is \(\sqrt{2}\) times larger: a 'standard' \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice contains "large" \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices of minimal length \(2\), but Wilson's Leech lattice construction gives something \(\sqrt{2}\) times too big. I've chosen the latter convention because I find it less confusing: reducing the standard \(\mathrm{E}_8\) mod \(2\) is a well-known thing that people do, and all the Euclidean dot products come out as integers. But it's as well to bear this in mind when relating this post to the earlier ones.
I'll work with projective spaces over \(\mathbb{F}_q\) and try not to suddenly start jumping back and forth between projective spaces and the underlying vector spaces as is my wont, at least not unless it really makes things clearer.
So we have an \(n\)-dimensional projective space over \(\mathbb{F}_q\). We'll denote this by \(\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^n\).
The full symmetry group of \(\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^n\) is \(\mathrm{GL}_{n+1}(q)\), and from that we get subgroups and quotients \(SL_{n+1}(q)\) (with unit determinant), \(\mathrm{PGL}_{n+1}(q)\) (quotient by the centre) and \(\mathrm{PSL}_{n+1}(q)\) (both). Over \(\mathbb{F}_2\), the determinant is always \(1\), since that's the only non-zero scalar and the centre is trivial, so these groups are all the same.
In projective spaces over \(\mathbb{F}_2\), there are \(3\) points on every line, so we can 'add' two any points and get the third point on the line through them. (This is just a projection of the underlying vector space addition.)
In odd characteristic, we get two other families of Lie type by preserving two types of non-degenerate bilinear form: symmetric and skew-symmetric, corresponding to orthogonal and symplectic structures respectively. (Non-degenerate Hermitian forms, defined over \(\mathbb{F}_{q^2}\), also exist and behave similarly.)
Denote the form by \(B(x,y)\). Points \(x\) for which \(B(x, x)=0\) are isotropic. For a symplectic structure all points are isotropic. A form \(B\) such that \(B(x,x)=0\) for all \(x\) is called alternating, and in odd characteristic, but not characteristic \(2\), skew-symmetric and alternating forms are the same thing.
A line spanned by two isotropic points, \(x\) and \(y\), such that \(B(x,y)=1\) is a hyperbolic line. Any space with a non-degenerate bilinear (or Hermitian) form can be decomposed as the orthogonal sum of hyperbolic lines (i.e. as a vector space, decomposed as an orthogonal sum of hyperbolic planes), possibly together with an anisotropic space containing no isotropic points at all. There are no non-empty symplectic anisotropic spaces, so all symplectic spaces are odd-dimensional (projectively — the corresponding vector spaces are even-dimensional).
There are anisotropic orthogonal points and lines (over any finite field including in even characteristic), but all the orthogonal spaces we consider here will be a sum of hyperbolic lines — we say they are of plus type. The odd-dimensional projective spaces with a residual anisotropic line are said to be of minus type.
A quadratic form \(Q(x)\) is defined by the conditions
\(Q(x+y)=Q(x)+Q(y)+B(x,y)\), where \(B\) is a symmetric bilinear form.
There are some non-degeneracy conditions I won't go into.
Obviously, a quadratic form gives a particular symmetric bilinear form, by \(B(x,y)=Q(x+y)-Q(x)-Q(y)\). In odd characteristic, we can go the other way: \(Q(x)=\frac{1}{2}B(x,x)\).
We denote the group preserving an orthogonal structure of plus type on an \(n\)-dimensional projective space over \(\mathbb{F}_q\) by \(\mathrm{GO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), by analogy with \(\mathrm{GL}_{n+1}(q)\). Similarly we have \(\mathrm{SO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), \(\mathrm{PGO}_{n+1}^+(q)\) and \(\mathrm{PSO}_{n+1}^+(q)\).
However, whereas \(\mathrm{PSL}_n(q)\) is simple apart from two exceptions, we usually have an index \(2\) subgroup of \(\mathrm{SO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), called \(\Omega_{n+1}^+(q)\), and a corresponding index \(2\) subgroup of \(\mathrm{PSO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), called \(\mathrm{P}\Omega_{n+1}^+(q)\), and it is the latter that is simple. (There is an infinite family of exceptions, where \(\mathrm{PSO}_{n+1}^+(q)\) is simple.)
Symplectic structures are easier — the determinant is automatically \(1\), so we just have \(\mathrm{Sp}_{n+1}(q)\) and \(\mathrm{PSp}_{n+1}(q)\), with the latter being simple except for three exceptions.
Just as a point with \(B(x,x)=0\) is an isotropic point, so any subspace with \(B\) identically \(0\) on it is an isotropic subspace.
And just as the linear groups act on incidence geometries given by the ('classical') projective spaces, so the symplectic and orthogonal act on polar spaces, whose points, lines, planes, etc, are just the isotropic points, isotropic lines, isotropic planes, etc given by the bilinear (or Hermitian) form. We denote an orthogonal polar space of plus type on an \(n\)-dimensional projective space over \(\mathbb{F}_q\) by \(\mathrm{Q}_n^+(q)\).
In characteristic 2, a lot of this goes wrong, but in a way that can be fixed and mostly turns out the same:
Symmetric and skew-symmetric forms are the same thing! There are still distinct orthogonal and symplectic structures and groups, but we can't use this as the distinction.
Alternating and skew-symmetric forms are not the same thing! Alternating forms are all skew-symmetric (aka symmetric) but not vice versa. A symplectic structure is given by an alternating form — and of course this definition works in odd characteristic too.
Symmetric bilinear forms are no longer in bijection with quadratic forms: every quadratic form gives a unique symmetric (aka skew-symmetric, and indeed alternating) bilinear form, but an alternating form is compatible with multiple quadratic forms. We use non-degenerate quadratic forms to define orthogonal structures, rather than symmetric bilinear forms — which of course works in odd characteristic too. (Note also from the above that in characteristic \(2\) an orthogonal structure has an associated symplectic structure, which it shares with other orthogonal structures.)
We now have both isotropic subspaces on which the bilinear form is identically \(0\), and singular subspaces on which the quadratic form is identically \(0\). Every singular subspace is isotropic. It is the singular spaces which go to make up the polar space for the orthogonal structure.
To cover both cases, we'll refer to these isotropic/singular projective spaces inside the polar spaces as flats.
Everything else is still the same — decomposition into hyperbolic lines and an anisotropic space, plus and minus types, \(\Omega_{n+1}^+(q)\) inside \(\mathrm{SO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), polar spaces, etc.
Over \(\mathbb{F}_2\), we have that \(\mathrm{GO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), \(\mathrm{SO}_{n+1}^+(q)\), \(\mathrm{PGO}_{n+1}^+(q)\) and \(\mathrm{PSO}_{n+1}^+(q)\) are all the same group, as are \(\Omega_{n+1}^+(q)\) and \(\mathrm{P}\Omega_{n+1}^+(q)\).
The vector space dimension of the maximal flats in a polar space is the polar rank of the space, one of its most important invariants — it's the number of hyperbolic lines in its orthogonal decomposition.
\(\mathrm{Q}_{2m-1}^+(q)\) has rank \(m\). The maximal flats fall into two classes. In odd characteristic, the classes are preserved by \(\mathrm{SO}_{2m}^+(q)\) but interchanged by the elements of \(\mathrm{GO}_{2m}^+(q)\) with determinant \(-1\). In even characteristic, the classes are preserved by \(\Omega_{2m}^+(q)\), but interchanged by elements of \(\mathrm{GO}_{2m}^+(q)\).
Finally, I'll refer to the value of the quadratic form at a point, \(Q(x)\), as the norm of \(x\), even though in Euclidean space we'd call it 'half the norm-squared'.
Here are some useful facts about \(\mathrm{Q}_{2m-1}^+(q)\):
1A) The number of points is \(\displaystyle\frac{\left(q^m-1\right)\left(q^{m-1}+1\right)}{q-1}\).
1B) The number of maximal flats is \(\prod_0^{m-1}\left(1+q^m\right)\).
1C) Two maximal flats of different types must intersect in a flat of odd codimension; two maximal flats of the same type must intersect in a flat of even codimension.
Here two more general facts:
1D) Pick a projective space \(\Pi\) of dimension \(n\). Pick a point \(p\) in it. The space whose points are lines through \(p\), whose lines are planes through \(p\), etc, with incidence inherited from \(\Pi\), is a projective space of dimension \(n-1\).
1E) Pick a polar space \(\Sigma\) of rank \(m\). Pick a point \(p\) in it. The space whose points are lines (i.e. \(1\)-flats) through \(p\), whose lines are planes (i.e. \(2\)-flats) through \(p\), etc, with incidence inherited from \(\Sigma\), is a polar space of the same type, of rank \(m-1\).
The bivectors of a \(4\)-dimensional vector space constitute a \(6\)-dimensional vector space. Apart from the zero bivector, these fall into two types: degenerate ones which can be decomposed as the wedge product of two vectors and therefore correspond to planes (or, projectively, lines); and non-degenerate ones, which, by, wedging with vectors on each side give rise to symplectic forms. Wedging two bivectors gives an element of the \(1\)-dimensional space of \(4\)-vectors, and, picking a basis, the single component of this wedge product gives a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form on the \(6\)-dimensional vector space of bivectors, and hence, in odd characteristic, an orthogonal space, which turns out to be of plus type. It also turns out that this can be carried over to characteristic \(2\) as well, and gives a correspondence between \(\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^3\) and \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(q)\), and isomorphisms between their symmetry groups. It is precisely the degenerate bivectors that are the ones of norm \(0\), and we get the following correspondence:
| \(\mathbf{\mathrm{Q}_5^+(q)}\) | \(\mathbf{\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^3}\) |
| point | line |
| orthogonal points | intersecting lines |
| line | plane pencil |
| planes of type 1 | point |
| planes of type 2 | plane |
Here a plane pencil is all the lines that both go through a particular point and lie in a particular plane: effectively a point on a plane. The two type of plane in \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(q)\) are two families of maximal flats, and they correspond, in \(\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^3\), to 'all the lines through a particular point' and 'all the lines in a particular plane'.
From fact 1C) above, in \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(q)\) we have that two maximal flats of of different type must either intersect in a line or not intersect at all, corresponding to the fact in \(\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^3\) that a point and a plane either coincide or don't; while two maximal flats of the same type must intersect in a point, corresponding to the fact in \(\mathbb{F}_q\mathrm{P}^3\) that any two points lie in a line, and any two planes intersect in a line.
In \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(q)\), you may observe from facts 1a and 1b that the following three things are equal in number: points; maximal flats of one type; maximal flats of the other type. This is because these three things are cycled by the triality symmetry.
Over \(\mathbb{F}_2\), we have the following facts:
2A) \(\mathbb{F}_2\mathrm{P}^3\) has \(15\) planes, each containing \(7\) points and \(7\) lines. It has (dually) \(15\) points, each contained in \(7\) lines and \(7\) planes. It has \(35\) lines, each containing \(3\) points and contained in \(3\) planes.
2B) \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\) has \(35\) points, corresponding to the \(35\) lines of \(\mathbb{F}_2\mathrm{P}^3\), and \(30\) planes, corresponding to the \(15\) points and \(15\) planes of \(\mathrm{PG}(3, 2)\). There's lots and lots of other interesting stuff, but we will ignore it.
2C) \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\) has \(135\) points and \(270\) \(3\)-spaces, i.e. two families of maximal flats containing \(135\) elements each. A projective \(7\)-space has \(255\) points, so if we give it an orthogonal structure of plus type, it will have \(255-135=120\) points of norm \(1\).
Now we move onto the second part.
We'll coordinatise the \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice so that the coordinates of its points are of the following types:
All integer, summing to an even number
b) All integer+\(\frac{1}{2}\), summing to an odd number.
Then the roots are of the following types:
All permutations of \(\left(\pm1,\pm1,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\)
All points like \(\left(\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}, \pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)\) with an odd number of minus signs.
We now quotient \(\mathrm{E}_8\) by \(2\mathrm{E}_8\). The elements of the quotient can by represented by the following:
All coordinates are \(1\) or \(0\), an even number of each.
All coordinates are \(\pm\frac{1}{2}\) with either \(1\) or \(3\) minus signs.
Take an element of the previous kind and put a star after it. The meaning of this is: you can replace any coordinate \(\frac{1}{2}\) and replace it with \(-\frac{3}{2}\), or any coordinate \(-\frac{1}{2}\) and replace it with \(\frac{3}{2}\), to get an \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice element representing this element of \(\mathrm{E}_8/2\mathrm{E}_8\).
This is an \(8\)-dimensional vector space over \(\mathbb{F}_2\).
Now we put the following quadratic form on this space: \(Q(x)\) is half the Euclidean norm-squared, mod \(2\). This gives rise to the following bilinear form: the Euclidean dot product mod \(2\). This turns out to be a perfectly good non-degenerate quadratic form of plus type over \(\mathbb{F}_2\).
There are \(120\) elements of norm \(1\), and these correspond to roots of \(\mathrm{E}_8\) , with \(2\) roots per element (related by switching the sign of all coordinates):
Elements of shape \(\left(1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\) are already roots in this form.
Elements of shape \(\left(0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\) correspond to the roots obtained by taking the complement (replacing all \(1\)s by \(0\) and vice versa) and then changing the sign of one of the \(1\)s.
Elements in which all coordinates are \(\pm\frac{1}{2}\) with either \(1\) or \(3\) minus signs are already roots, and by switching all the signs we get the half-integer roots with \(5\) or \(7\) minus signs.
There are \(135\) non-zero elements of norm \(0\), and these all correspond to lattice points in shell \(2\), with \(16\) lattice points per element of the vector space:
There are \(70\) elements of shape \(\left(1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0\right)\). We get \(8\) lattice points by changing an even number of signs (including \(0\)). We get another \(8\) lattice points by taking the complement and then changing an odd number of signs.
There is \(1\) element of shape \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\). This corresponds to the \(16\) lattice points of shape \(\left(\pm 2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\).
There are \(64\) elements like \(\left(\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac {1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)^*\), with \(1\) or \(3\) minus signs. We get \(8\) actual lattice points by replacing \(\pm\frac{1}{2}\) by \(\mp\frac{3}{2}\) in one coordinate, and another \(8\) by changing the signs of all coordinates.
This accounts for all \(16\cdot 135=2160\) points in shell \(2\).
In summary, these are all the nonzero elements of \(\mathrm{E}_8/2\mathrm{E}_8\):
| SHAPE | NUMBER |
| \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\) | 1 |
| \(\left(1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0\right)\) | 70 |
| \(\left(\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)^* \) | 64 |
| TOTAL | 135 |
| SHAPE | NUMBER |
| \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0\right)\) | 28 |
| \(\left(1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\) | 28 |
| \(\left(\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{ 1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right) \) | 64 |
| TOTAL | 120 |
Since the quadratic form in \(\mathbb{F}_2\) comes from the quadratic form in Euclidean space, it is preserved by the Weyl group \(W(\mathrm{E}_8)\). In fact the homomorphism \(W(\mathrm{E}_8)\rightarrow \mathrm{GO}_8^+(2)\) is onto. It is a double cover, since the element of \(W(\mathrm{E}_8)\) that reverses the sign of all coordinates is a (in fact, the) non-trivial element element of the kernel.
Pick a Fano plane structure on a set of seven points. Let \(1\le i,j,k,p,q,r,s\le7\).
Here is a large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) containing \(\left(2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\):
\(\pm 2e_i \)
\(\pm e_0\pm e_i\pm e_j\pm e_k\) where \(i\), \(j\), \(k\) lie on a line in the Fano plane
\(\pm e_p\pm e_q\pm e_r\pm e_s\) where \(p\), \(q\), \(r\) , \(s\) lie off a line in the Fano plane.
Reduced to \(\mathrm{E}_8\) mod \(2\), these come to
i) \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\)
ii) \(e_0+e_i+e_j+e_k\) where \(i\), \(j\), \(k\) lie on a line in the Fano plane. E.g. \(\left(1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0\right)\).
iii) \(e_p+e_q+e_r+e_s\) where \(p\), \(q\), \(r\), \(s\) lie off a line in the Fano plane. E.g. \(\left(0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1\right)\).
Each of these corresponds to \(16\) elements of the large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) roots.
Some notes on these points:
They're all isotropic, since they have a multiple of \(4\) non-zero entries.
They're mutually orthogonal.
a) Elements of types ii) and iii) are all orthogonal to \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\) because they have an even number of ones (like all all-integer elements).
b) Two elements of type ii) overlap in two places: \(e_0\) and the point of the Fano plane that they share.
c) If an element \(x\) of type ii) and an element \(y\) of type iii) are mutual complements, obviously they have no overlap. Otherwise, the complement of \(y\) is an element of type ii, so \(x\) overlaps with it in exactly two places; hence \(x\) overlaps with \(y\) itself in the other two non-zero places of \(x\).
d) From \(c\), given two elements of type iii), one will overlap with the complement of the other in two places, hence (by the argument of c) will overlap with the other element itself in two places.
Adjoining the zero vector, they give a set closed under addition.
The rule for addition of all-integer elements is reasonably straightforward: if they are orthogonal, then treat the \(1\)s and \(0\)s as bits and add mod \(2\). If they aren't orthogonal, then do the same, then take the complement of the answer.
a) Adding \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\) to any of the others just gives the complement, which is a member of the set.
b) Adding two elements of type ii, we set to \(0\) the \(e_0\) component and the component corresponding to the point of intersection in the Fano plane, leaving the \(4\) components where they don't overlap, which are just the complement of the third line of the Fano plane through their point of intersection, and is hence a member of the set.
c) Each element of type iii is the sum of the element of type i and an element of type ii, hence is covered implicitly by cases a and b.
There are \(15\) elements of the set.
a) There is \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\).
b) There are \(7\) corresponding to lines of the Fano plane.
c) There are \(7\) corresponding to the complements of lines of the Fano plane.
From the above, these \(15\) elements form a maximal flat of \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\). (That is, \(15\) points projectively, forming a projective \(3\)-space in a projective \(7\)-space.)
That a large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice projects to a flat is straightforward:
First, as a lattice it's closed under addition over \(\mathbb{Z}\), so should project to a subspace over \(\mathbb{F}_2\).
Second, since the cosine of the angle between two roots of \(\mathrm{E}_8\) is always a multiple of \(\frac{1}{2}\), and the points in the second shell have Euclidean length \(2\), the dot product of two large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) roots must always be an even integer. Also, the large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) roots project to norm \(0\) points. So all points of the large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) should project to norm \(0\) points.
It's not instantly obvious to me that large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) should project to a maximal flat, but it clearly does.
So I'll assume each \(\mathrm{E}_8\) corresponds to a maximal flat, and generally that everything that I'm going to talk about over \(\mathbb{F}_2\) lifts faithfully to Euclidean space, which seems plausible (and works)! But I haven't proved it. Anyway, assuming this, a bunch of stuff follows.
We immediately know there are \(270\) large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices, because there are \(270\) maximal flats in \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\), either from the formula \(\prod_{i=0}^{m-1}\left(1+q^i\right)\), or immediately from triality and the fact that there are \(135\) points in \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\).
We can now bring to bear some more general theory. How many large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) root-sets share a point? Let us project this down and instead ask, How many maximal flats share a given point?
Recall fact 1E):
1E) Pick a polar space \(\Sigma\) of rank \(m\). Pick a point \(p\) in it. The space whose points are lines (i.e. \(1\)-flats) through \(p\), whose lines are planes (i.e. \(2\)-flats) through \(p\), etc, with incidence inherited from \(\Sigma\), form a polar space of the same type, of rank \(m-1\).
So pick a point \(p\) in \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\). The space of all flats containing \(p\) is isomorphic to \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\). The maximal flats containing \(p\) in \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\) correspond to all maximal flats of \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\), of which there are \(30\). So there are \(30\) maximal flats of \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\) containing \(p\), and hence \(30\) large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices containing a given point.
We see this if we fix \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\), and the maximal flats correspond to the \(30\) ways of putting a Fano plane structure on \(7\) points. Via the Klein correspondence, I guess this is a way to show that the \(30\) Fano plane structures correspond to the points and planes of \(\mathbb{F}_2\mathrm{P}^3\).
Now assume that large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices with non-intersecting sets of roots correspond to non-intersecting maximal flats. The intersections of maximal flats obey rule 1C):/p>
1C) Two maximal flats of different types must intersect in a flat of odd codimension; two maximal flats of the same type must intersect in a flat of even codimension.
So two \(3\)-flats of opposite type must intersect in a plane or a point; if they are of the same type, they must intersect in a line or not at all (the empty set having dimension \(-1\)).
We want to count the dimension \(-1\) intersections, but it's easier to count the dimension \(1\) intersections and subtract from the total.
So, given a \(3\)-flat, how many other \(3\)-flats intersect it in a line?
Pick a point \(p\) in \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\). The \(3\)-flats sharing that point correspond to the planes of \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\). Then the set of \(3\)-flats sharing just a line through \(p\) with our given \(3\)-flat correspond to the set of planes of \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\) sharing a single point with a given plane. By what was said above, this is all the other planes of the same type (there's no other dimension these intersections can have). There are \(14\) of these (\(15\) planes minus the given one).
So, given a point in the \(3\)-flat, there are \(14\) other \(3\)-flats sharing a line (and no more) which passes through the point. There are \(15\) points in the \(3\)-flat, but on the other hand there are \(3\) points in a line, giving \(\frac{14\cdot15}{3}=70\) \(3\)-spaces sharing a line (and no more) with a given \(3\)-flat.
But there are a total of \(135\) \(3\)-flats of a given type. If \(1\) of them is a given \(3\)-flat, and \(70\) of them intersect that \(3\)-flat in a line, then \(135-1-70=64\) don't intersect the \(3\)-flat at all. So there should be \(64\) large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices whose roots don't meet the roots of a given large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice.
We can also look at the intersections of large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) root systems with large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) root systems of opposite type. What about the intersections of two \(3\)-flats in a plane? If we focus just on planes passing through a particular point, this corresponds, in \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\), to planes intersecting in a line. There are \(7\) planes intersecting a given plane in a line (from the Klein correspondence — they correspond to the seven points in a plane or the seven planes containing a point of \(\mathbb{F}_2\mathrm{P}^3\)). So there are \(7\) \(3\)-flats of \(\mathrm{Q}_7^+(2)\) which intersect a given \(3\)-flat in a plane containing a given point. There \(15\) points to choose from, but \(7\) points in a plane, meaning that there are \(\frac{7\cdot15}{7}=15\) \(3\)-flats intersecting a given \(3\)-flat in a plane. A plane has \(7\) points, so translating that to \)\mathrm{E}_8\) lattices should give \(7\cdot16=112\) shared roots.
That leaves \(135-15=120\) \(3\)-flats intersecting a given \(3\)-flat in a single point, corresponding to \(16\) shared roots.
$$\array{ \mathbf{\text{intersection dim.}}&\mathbf{\text{number}}&\mathbf{\text{same type}}\\ 2&15&\mathrm{No}\\ 1&70&\mathrm{Yes}\\ 0&120&\mathrm{No}\\ -1&64&\mathrm{Yes} }$$A couple of points here related to triality. Under triality, one type of maximal flat gets sent to the other type, and the other type gets sent to singular points \(0\)-flats). The incidence relation of "intersecting in a plane" gets sent to ordinary incidence of a point with a flat. So the fact that there are \(15\) maximal flats that intersect a given maximal flat in a plane is a reflection of the fact that there are \(15\) points in a maximal flat (or, dually, \(15\) maximal flats of a given type containing a given point).
The intersection of two maximal flats of the same type translates into a relation between two singular points. Just from the numbers, we'd expect "intersection in a line" to translate into "orthogonal to", and "disjoint" to translate into "not orthogonal to".
In that case, a pair of maximal flats intersecting in a (flat) line translates to \(2\) mutually orthogonal flat points — whose span is a flat line. Which makes sense, because under triality, \(1\)-flats transform to \(1\)-flats, reflecting the fact that the central point of the \(D_4\) diagram (representing lines) is sent to itself under triality.
In that case, two disjoint maximal flats translates to a pair of non-orthogonal singular points, defining a hyperbolic line.
Fixing a hyperbolic line (pointwise) obviously reduces the rank of the polar space by \(1\), picking out a \(\mathrm{GO}_6^+(2)\) subgroup of \(\mathrm{GO}_8^+(2)\). By the Klein correspondence, \(\mathrm{GO}_6^+(2)\) is isomorphic to \(\mathrm{PSL}_4(2)\), which is just the automorphism group of \(\mathrm{PG}(3, 2)\) — i.e., here, the automorphism group of a maximal flat. So the joint stabiliser of two disjoint maximal flats is just automorphisms of one of them, which forces corresponding automorphisms of the other. This group is also isomorphic to the symmetric group \(S_8\), giving all permutations of the coordinates (of the \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice).
(My guess would be that the actions of \(\mathrm{GL}_4(2)\) on the two maximal flats would be related by an outer automorphsm of \(\mathrm{GL}_4(2)\), in which the action on the points of one flat would match an action on the planes of the other, and vice versa, preserving the orthogonality relations coming from the symplectic structure implied by the orthogonal structure — i.e. the alternating form implied by the quadratic form.)
We see this "non-orthogonal singular points" \(\leftrightarrow\) "disjoint maximal flats" echoed when we look at nearest neighbours.
Nearest neighbours in the second shell of the \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice are separated from each other by an angle of \(\cos^{-1}\frac{3}{4}\), so have a mutual dot product of \(3\), hence are non-orthogonal over \(\mathbb{F}_2\).
Let us choose a fixed point \(\left(2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\) in the second shell of \(\mathrm{E}_8\) . This has as our chosen representative \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\) in our version of \(\mathrm{PG}(7,2)\), which has the convenient property that it is orthogonal to the all-integer points, and non-orthogonal to the half-integer points. The half-integer points in the second shell are just those that we write as \(\left(\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}, \pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)^\star\) in our notation, where the \(*\) means that we should replace any \(\frac{1}{2}\) by \(-\frac{3}{2}\) or replace any \(-\frac{1}{2}\) by \(\frac{3}{2}\) to get a corresponding element in the second shell of the \(\mathrm{E}_8\) latttice, and where we require \(1\) or \(3\) minus signs in the notation, to correspond two points in the lattice with opposite signs in all coordinates.
Now, since each reduced isotropic point represents \(16\) points of the second shell, merely saying that two reduced points have dot product of \(1\) is not enough to pin down actual nearest neighbours.
But very conveniently, the sets of \(16\) are formed in parallel ways for the particular setup we have chosen. Namely, lifting \(\left(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1\right)\) to a second-shell element, we can choose to put the \(\pm2\) in each of the \(8\) coordinates, with positive or negative sign, and lifting an element of the form \(\left(\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}, \pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)^*\) to a second-shell element, we can choose to put the \(\pm\frac{3}{2}\) in each of the \(8\) coordinates, with positive or negative sign.
So we can line up our conventions, and choose, e.g., specifically \(\left(+2,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0\right)\), and choose neighbours of the form \(\left(+\frac{3}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}, \pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2},\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)\), with an even number of minus signs.
This tells us we have \(64\) nearest neighbours, corresponding to the \(64\) isotropic points of half-integer form. Let us call this set of points \(T\).
Now pick one of those \(64\) isotropic points, call it \(p\). It lies, as we showed earlier, in \(30\) maximal flats, corresponding to the \(30\) plane flats of \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\), and we would like to understand the intersections of these flats with \(T\): that is, those nearest neighbours which belong to each large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice.
In any maximal flat, i.e. any \(3\)-flat, containing \(p\), there will be \(7\) lines passing through \(p\), each with \(2\) other points on it, totalling \(14\) which, together with \(p\) itself form the \(15\) points of a copy of \(\mathbb{F}_2\mathrm{P}^3\).
Now, the sum of two all-integer points is an all-integer point, but the sum of two half-integer points is also an all-integer point. So of the two other points on each of those lines, one will be half-integer and one all-integer. So there will be \(7\) half-integer points in addition to \(p\) itself; i.e. the maximal flat will meet \(T\) in \(8\) points; hence the corresponding large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice will contain \(8\) of the nearest neighbours of \(\left(2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\).
Also, because the sum of two half-integer points is not a half-integer point, no \(3\) of those \(8\) points will lie on a line.
But the only way that you can get \(8\) points in a \(3\)-space such that no \(3\) of them lie on a line of the space is if they are the \(8\) points that do not lie on a plane of the space. Hence the other \(7\) points — the ones lying in the all-integer subspace — must form a Fano plane.
So we have the following: inside the projective \(7\)-space of lattice elements mod \(2\), we have the projective \(6\)-space of all-integer elements, and inside there we have the \(5\)-space of all-integer elements orthogonal to \(p\), and inside there we have a polar space isomorphic to \(\mathrm{Q}_5^+(2)\), and in there we have \(30\) planes. And adding \(p\) to each element of one of those planes gives the \(7\) elements which accompany \(p\) in the intersection of the isotropic half-integer points with the corresponding \(3\)-flat, which lift to the nearest neighbours of \(\left(2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0\right)\) lying in the corresponding large \(\mathrm{E}_8\) lattice.
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